Chapter 4: Data Handling aur Presentation
Har din hum duniya ke baare mein numbers dekhte hain: cricket score, baarish, daam, votes. Is chapter mein hum apna data ikattha karenge, tally marks se sajaayenge, aur pictographs aur bar graphs mein dikhaayenge, taaki koi bhi ek nazar mein samajh sake, aur koi chaalaak graph se dhokha na khaaye.
Is chapter mein tum
- data ikattha karna aur tally marks se sajaana
- key ke saath pictographs padhna aur banana
- bar graphs padhna aur achchhe scale ke saath banana
- saaf aur imaandaar graphs banana
Topics
- Data ikattha karna aur sajaana NCERT 4.1
Data: jaankari dene wale facts, numbers ya observations.
- Pictographs NCERT 4.2
Pictograph data ko chitron se dikhaata hai; key batati hai ek symbol kitne ke barabar hai.
- Bar Graphs NCERT 4.3
Bar graph: barabar chaudai aur barabar gap wale bars; oonchaai number dikhaati hai.
- Bar Graph banana NCERT 4.4
Bar ki oonchaai = number ÷ scale. Scale 0 se shuru hona chahiye.
- Sundar aur saaf data presentation NCERT 4.5
Oonchaai: khade bars (columns). Zameen ke saath lambai: leti bars.
Key words
- Data
- jaankari dene wale facts, numbers ya observations
- Tally mark
- har answer ke liye ek line; har 5wi pichhli chaar ko kaat-ti hai
- Frequency
- koi value ya answer kitni baar aata hai
- Pictograph
- chitron ya symbols se dikhaaya gaya data
- Key (scale)
- ek symbol ya ek unit length kitne ke barabar hai
- Bar graph
- barabar chaudai ke bars jinki oonchaai numbers dikhaati hai
Summary
- Data wo jaankari hai jo hum ikattha karte hain: answers, ginti aur naap.
- Tally marks data ko 5-5 mein ginne mein madad karte hain; har group ki ginti uski frequency hai.
- Pictograph mein har symbol ek tay number ke barabar hai, jo key batati hai; aadha symbol uska aadha dikhaata hai.
- Bar graph mein barabar chaudai ke bars 0 se shuru hone wale scale par khade hote hain; ooncha bar matlab bada number.
- Achchha scale, saaf rang aur sahi disha (oonchaai ke liye columns) graph ko padhne mein aasaan banaate hain; jo graph 0 se shuru na ho wo aankh ko dhokha de sakta hai.