Bharat ke Anya Hisson mein Vikaas

Class 7 Social Science · Chapter 4: Naye Aarambh: Shehar aur Raajya · NCERT Exploring Society: India and Beyond section 4.5

Seekho

Mahaan maarg ab Bharat ko jodte, vyaapaar, teerth aur sainya abhiyaanon ke liye. Uttaraapath uttar-pashchim ko Ganga ke maidaan aur poorvi Bharat se jodta; Dakshinaapath Kaushaambi (Prayagraj ke paas) se shuru hokar Vindhya paar dakshin jaata. Upmaarg dono taton ke vyast bandargaahon tak. Poorab mein Kalinga ki raajdhaani Shishupalgarh (Sisupalgarh, ab Bhubaneswar ka hissa) sakht chaukor yojana, vishaal deewaarein aur chaudi sadkon wali.

Dakshin mein lagbhag 400 BCE se shehar uthe, aur teen raajya bane: Chola, Chera aur Paandya, sabse praacheen Tamil saahitya mein prashansit. Ratn, sone aur masaalon se samriddh dakshin Bharat ke baaki hisson aur videshon se vyaapaar karta; Erode ke paas Kodumanal mein kaarkhaane seep aur ratn ki cheezein banaate. 300–200 BCE tak lagbhag poora upmahaadweep, Poorvottar samet, ek juda desh tha jahaan saamaan aur vichaar khule ghoomte, aur mahaajanapad nayi shaktiyon ko jagah dete.

Explore: ghatnaayein samay rekha par.

1. Lagbhag 1000 BCE janapad bane. Marker wahaan.
2. Lagbhag 400 BCE sudoor dakshin mein shehar uthe. Marker wahaan.

Yaad rakho

• Uttaraapath aur Dakshinaapath ne uttar, poorab, pashchim aur dakshin joda.
• Lagbhag 400 BCE se dakshini shehar aur Chola, Chera, Paandya raajya uthe, door-door vyaapaar.

Quick check

Dakshinaapath maarg kahaan se shuru?

1. Kaushaambi, Prayagraj ke paas
2. Takshashila
3. Madurai
4. Kanyakumari

Socho

Praacheen maargon par saamaan ke alaava kya-kya chala hoga?

Practice

Teen levels (easy, medium, hard) ke naye sawaalon se practice karo, kuch hands-on, hints aur hal ke saath. Topic poora karne ke liye pichhle 5 mein se 4 sahi karo.