Chapter 4: Naye Aarambh: Shehar aur Raajya
Harappa ke shehar feeke padne ke hazaar saal baad Bharat ke shehar phir uthe. Is chapter mein Doosra Shahareekaran, janapad aur 16 mahaajanapad, praarambhik sabhaayein aur ganraajya, loha aur pehle sikke, varn–jaati vyavastha, aur uttar-dakshin ko ek jode desh mein badalne wale mahaan maarg dekhenge.
Is chapter mein tum
- Doosra Shahareekaran samjhaana
- janapad, mahaajanapad aur unka shaasan batana
- lohe, sikkon aur naye vichaaron ki bhoomika samjhaana
- varn–jaati vyavastha aur Bharat bhar ke vikaas batana
Topics
- Doosra Shahareekaran: Janapad aur Mahaajanapad NCERT 4.1
Harappa ke patan ke baad 1st sahasraabdi BCE mein shehar phir uthe: Doosra Shahareekaran.
- Praarambhik Loktaantrik Paramparaayein NCERT 4.2
Janapad sabhaayein (sabha, samiti) raaja ko salaah deti.
- Aur Naye Prayog: Vichaar, Loha aur Sikke NCERT 4.3
Naye vichaar-sampradaay ghoomte bhikshuon aur teerth-yaatriyon ke saath faile.
- Varn–Jaati Vyavastha NCERT 4.4
Jaatiyaan peshewar samudaay; varn ke Vaidik granthon se chaar varg.
- Bharat ke Anya Hisson mein Vikaas NCERT 4.5
Uttaraapath aur Dakshinaapath ne uttar, poorab, pashchim aur dakshin joda.
Key words
- Janapada
- praarambhik kshetra jahaan log base, raaja ke netritv mein
- Mahājanapada
- 1st sahasraabdi BCE ke 16 bade raajyon mein se
- Gaṇa / saṅgha
- raajya jahaan sabha shaasak chunti; praarambhik ganraajya
- Moat
- kilebandi shehar ke charon or paani bhari khaai
- Punch-marked coin
- Bharat ke pehle sikke, chinh thoki chaandi
- Jāti
- peshe se judi samudaay
- Varṇa
- Vaidik granthon ke chaar vargon mein se
Summary
- Harappa ke patan ke baad 1st sahasraabdi BCE mein Ganga maidaan mein Doosra Shahareekaran.
- Janapad 16 mahaajanapad bane; zyaadatar raajtantra, par Vajji aur Malla praarambhik ganraajya.
- Loha, aahat sikke aur naye vichaar-sampradaay gehre badlaav laaye; varn–jaati vyavastha baad mein kathor hui.
- Mahaan maargon ne Bharat joda; dakshini raajya uthe; 300 BCE tak upmahaadweep juda.