Doosra Shahareekaran: Janapad aur Mahaajanapad

Class 7 Social Science · Chapter 4: Naye Aarambh: Shehar aur Raajya · NCERT Exploring Society: India and Beyond section 4.1

Seekho

Neel ka parivaar Bihar mein Rajgir jaata aur vishaal pathar ki deewaaron ke avsheshon par chalta. "Ye deewaarein lagbhag 2,500 saal puraani," guide kehta. "Raajagriha kabhi Magadh ki raajdhaani thi." Neel ko pichhle saal ke Harappa ke shehar yaad aate. "Par maine socha Harappa ke patan ke saath Bharatiya shehar khatam ho gaye?"

Harappa (Sindhu–Sarasvati) sabhyata, Bharat ka Pehla Shahareekaran, 2nd sahasraabdi BCE ki shuruaat mein dhalne ke baad yojanaabaddh galiyaan, vishesh shilp, lipi aur prashaasan feeke pade, aur lagbhag hazaar saal shehri jeevan zyaadatar gaayab raha. Phir 1st sahasraabdi BCE mein Ganga ke maidaanon mein shehar phir uthe aur poore upmahaadweep mein faile: Doosra Shahareekaran, jo ek tarah aaj bhi jaari. Ye hum puraataatvik khudaai aur uttar Vaidik, Bauddh aur Jain granthon se jaante.

Ek bhaasha aur reeti-rivaaz wale logon ke samooh janapad, "jahaan logon ne pair rakha", naam ke kshetron mein base, har ek ka neta raaja. Vyaapaar se jude to kuch milkar 8vi–7vi sadi BCE tak bade raajya bane, mahaajanapad. Sabse prasiddh soochi 16 naam deti, uttar-pashchim mein Gandhaar se poorab mein Ang aur Godavari ke paas Ashmak tak. Sabse shaktishaali Magadh, Kosal, Vats aur Avanti. Kai Ganga ke maidaanon mein, upjaau zameen, paas ki pahaadiyon mein lauh ayask aur naye vyaapaar maargon ke saath.

Zyaadatar raajdhaaniyaan badi kilebandi wale shehar, deewaaron ke bahar paani bhari khaai aur sankare dwaar taaki pahredaar aane waalon aur saamaan par niyantran rakhein. Kamaal ki baat, kai, jaise Ujjayini (Ujjain), Mathura aur Vaaraanasi, aaj bhi jeevit shehar, 2,500 saal puraane "aadhunik" shehar!

Explore: samay rekha par rakho.

1. Harappa ke shehar lagbhag 2500 BCE mein charam par. Marker wahaan rakho.
2. 16 mahaajanapad lagbhag 600 BCE mein phale-foole. Marker wahaan rakho.

Yaad rakho

• Harappa ke patan ke baad 1st sahasraabdi BCE mein shehar phir uthe: Doosra Shahareekaran.
• Janapad milkar 16 mahaajanapad bane, kilebandi raajdhaaniyon ke saath, kai Ganga ke maidaanon mein.

Quick check

Sabse shaktishaali mahaajanapad kaunse?

1. Magadh, Kosal, Vats aur Avanti
2. Harappa aur Mohenjo-daro
3. Chola, Chera aur Paandya
4. Dilli aur Mumbai

Socho

Tumhe kyun lagta hai kai mahaajanapad raajdhaaniyaan aaj bhi shehar hain?

Practice

Teen levels (easy, medium, hard) ke naye sawaalon se practice karo, kuch hands-on, hints aur hal ke saath. Topic poora karne ke liye pichhle 5 mein se 4 sahi karo.