English

Duniya bhar ki Loktaantrik Sarkaarein

Class 7 Social Science · Chapter 9: Shaasak se Shaasit Tak: Sarkaar ke Prakaar · NCERT Exploring Society: India and Beyond section 9.3

Seekho

Loktantra aaj sabse lokpriya sarkaar, aur sab loktantron ke mool siddhaant: samaanta (barabar vyavahaar aur kaanoon ke saamne samaanta), chunaav aur abhivyakti ki aazaadi, chunaav se pratinidhi bhaageedaari, saarvabhaum vayask mataadhikaar, maulik adhikaar, aur unki raksha ke liye swatantra nyaayapaalika. Ye aadarsh vikasit hue: Bharat ne 1950 se har vayask ko vote diya, jabki Swiss mahilaaon ko 1971 mein mila, aur UK mein 1928 aur USA mein 1965 tak prabhaavi saarvabhaum mataadhikaar.

Pratyaksh loktantra mein naagrik sab khud tay karte (Switzerland mein kuch roop), par bade deshon mein kathin. Zyaadatar desh pratinidhi loktantra: log niyamit antaraal par pratinidhi chunte (Bharat mein paanch saal, USA mein chaar), aur sarkaar javaabdeh rehti. Bharat jaise sansadeey loktantra mein mantri vidhaayika ke sadasya aur use uska vishvaas chahiye (Bharat mein Lok Sabha ka). USA jaise adhyakshiya loktantra mein log raashtrapati chunte jo vidhaayika (Congress) se swatantra kaam karta. Shaktiyon ka prithakkaran teeno angon ko ek-doosre ke kaam mein dakhal se rokta.

Bharat ki loktaantrik jadein gehri. Vajji mahaajanapad mein Lichchhavi milkar faisle lete aur yogyata se neta chunte: praarambhik ganraajya. Chola kaal ke 10vi sadi ke Uttaramerur abhilekh gaon ke chunaavon ka varnan karte, band matpetiyon, sadasyon ki yogyata, kartavya aur bhrasht paaye jaane par hataane ke saath. Yoonaan aur Rome mein bhi ganraajya, par aksar sirf kuch aazaad purush vote dete.

Explore: sansadeey ya adhyakshiya?

  1. Har card sort karo.

Yaad rakho

  • Loktantron mein samaanta, aazaadi, chunaav, saarvabhaum mataadhikaar, maulik adhikaar aur swatantra nyaayapaalika saajhe.
  • Zyaadatar pratinidhi, sansadeey (Bharat) ya adhyakshiya (USA); Bharat ki jadon mein praarambhik ganraajya aur Uttaramerur.

Quick check

Loktantra mein swatantra nyaayapaalika kyun zaroori?

  1. naagrikon ke adhikaar bachaati aur dekhti sab, sarkaar bhi, kaanoon maanein
  2. saare kaanoon banaati
  3. pradhaanmantri chunti
  4. kar leti
Answer

naagrikon ke adhikaar bachaati aur dekhti sab, sarkaar bhi, kaanoon maanein. Shaktiyon ka prithakkaran ise dakhal se mukt rakhta.

Socho

Loktantra netaaon ki marzi ki jagah tay antaraal par chunaav kyun karte?

Ek answer

Taaki logon ko niyamit roop se sarkaar parakhne aur badalne ka mauka mile, aur neta janta ki sahmati ke bina hamesha satta mein na rahein.

Practice

Teen levels (easy, medium, hard) ke naye sawaalon se practice karo, kuch hands-on, hints aur hal ke saath. Topic poora karne ke liye pichhle 5 mein se 4 sahi karo.